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Other Topics => Off-Topic Discussions => Philosophy => Topic started by: tyranim on April 08, 2012, 04:27:18 am

Title: debate
Post by: tyranim on April 08, 2012, 04:27:18 am
since there arent any sections dedicated to the ever-enjoyable sport of debate, i felt one should be posted. i felt philosophy is a nice home for it too. so without further ado, lets start things off.

i feel that absolutely believing something is true is foolish.
any retorts or personal elaborations?
Title: Re: debate
Post by: furballdn on April 08, 2012, 04:30:23 am
i feel that absolutely believing something is true is foolish.
any retorts or personal elaborations?
I doubt that.
Title: Re: debate
Post by: Nepycros on April 08, 2012, 04:48:49 am
I believe that is false. We need to wholly adhere to this presupposition:
I exist.
The above statement must be regarded true at every moment, else a person is literally deadlocked in the inability to perceive reality, epistemologically speaking.

This is a lazy argument I threw together based on what I've heard, but I hope the point got across.
Title: Re: debate
Post by: Rutarete on April 08, 2012, 05:11:36 am
i feel that absolutely believing something is true is foolish.
any retorts or personal elaborations?
I agree.

I feel people (me included) assume too much. I could go on, but it would be mostly an off-topic tangent, so I leave it at that
Title: Re: debate
Post by: tyranim on April 08, 2012, 06:52:09 am
i feel that absolutely believing something is true is foolish.
any retorts or personal elaborations?
I agree.

I feel people (me included) assume too much. I could go on, but it would be mostly an off-topic tangent, so I leave it at that
off topic tangents are good! they make more stuff to debate about :D
Title: Re: debate
Post by: Pineapple on April 08, 2012, 08:56:17 am
i feel that absolutely believing something is true is foolish.
any retorts or personal elaborations?
1. Assume proposition P: "I will place all my faith into believing 'something' is true until evidence is given for believing 'something' is false," and its complement, ~P: "I will doubt that 'something' is true until evidence is given for believing 'something' is false."
2. According to Aristotle's "Law of Excluded Middle", ~(P^~P). In other words, "Before evidence is given for believing 'something' is false, it is impossible to completely believe that 'something' is true and doubt that 'something' is true at the same time."
3. , So, it is true that ~(P^~P) and, from DeMorgan's, it is true that ~PvP. Switch things around and you get the XOR operator (Pv~P)^~(P^~P). In other words, "While no evidence is given for believing 'something' is false, I must choose to completely believe 'something' is true or doubt that 'something' is true."
4. Obviously, in this case, "Therefore, P is true," would be a stronger argument than "Therefore, ~P is true."

Therefore, when no evidence has been given to disprove "something" (be it Gravity or God), it is not foolish to "absolutely [believe] something is true." Rather, it is foolish to do the opposite without sound logical basis.
Title: Re: debate
Post by: RootRanger on April 08, 2012, 09:11:16 pm
Oops, posted my reply in the old forum. Bringing it over here.

In your example, Pineapple, I do not think ~PvP is always true. There is a third proposition, that could be called Q, which states, "I will not place all of my faith into believing something is true, and I will not place all my faith into believing something is false." What would actually be true is ~PvPvQ. This means that, while no evidence is given, I must either believe that 'something' is true, doubt that 'something' is true, or not place all of my faith into either of the two previous options. However, there is almost always, if not always, the possibility that there will be evidence that suggests either truth value of 'something.' For example, gravity might not actually exist, and every memory I thought I had of gravity was a fake creation of my brain. Extremely unlikely, but certainly possible.
Title: Re: debate
Post by: Pineapple on April 08, 2012, 09:38:06 pm
Oops, posted my reply in the old forum. Bringing it over here.

In your example, Pineapple, I do not think ~PvP is always true. There is a third proposition, that could be called Q, which states, "I will not place all of my faith into believing something is true, and I will not place all my faith into believing something is false." What would actually be true is ~PvPvQ. This means that, while no evidence is given, I must either believe that 'something' is true, doubt that 'something' is true, or not place all of my faith into either of the two previous options. However, there is almost always, if not always, the possibility that there will be evidence that suggests either truth value of 'something.' For example, gravity might not actually exist, and every memory I thought I had of gravity was a fake creation of my brain. Extremely unlikely, but certainly possible.

Well, by "doubt that 'something' is true", I mean "not place all my faith into the [believing] that 'something' is true", which means that Q is contained in ~P.
For your example, since there is no evidence that shows that gravity is just a creation of my brain, it is not foolish to go about life assuming gravity is real.
Title: Re: debate
Post by: RootRanger on April 08, 2012, 10:13:21 pm
Well, by "doubt that 'something' is true", I mean "not place all my faith into the [believing] that 'something' is true", which means that Q is contained in ~P.
Alright, that's fair. However, I don't understand the reasoning behind the following:
In other words, "While no evidence is given for believing 'something' is false, I must choose to completely believe 'something' is true or doubt that 'something' is true."
4. Obviously, in this case, "Therefore, P is true," would be a stronger argument than "Therefore, ~P is true."
I don't see why the stronger argument would be something that has the possibility of being proven false if more evidence is introduced in the future. I think the stronger argument would be to not place all faith into believing that 'something' is true because this argument accepts the fact that 'something' can be proven false in the future.

For your example, since there is no evidence that shows that gravity is just a creation of my brain, it is not foolish to go about life assuming gravity is real.
The truth value of 'something' is not necessarily related to the ideal perception of that truth value. In my opinion, the ideal perception of the truth value of 'something' would be the one that does the best job of satisfying the goals of one's life, such as happiness. Basically, if believing Q makes someone very happy, and believing ~Q makes someone very unhappy, that person should go about life believing Q. However, this does not necessarily make Q true.

Let's rename "I will place all my faith into believing that gravity is real." to R. Its complement, ~R, would be "I will not place all my faith into believing that gravity is real." The idea that completely believing in R is the best way to live life does not count as evidence that R is true.
Title: Re: debate
Post by: OldTrees on April 09, 2012, 02:40:37 am
Observing for now.

However have this gift:
Positive statements can be True (P) or not true (~P)
Evidence against P can be possible (AP) or impossible (~AP)
Evidence against ~P can be possible (A~P) or impossible (~A~P)
Evidence for P can be possible (FP) or impossible (~FP)
Evidence for ~P can be possible (F~P) or impossible (~F~P)

Most discussion on this topic (though not necessarily in this thread) presumes:
(P -> ~AP ^ A~P ^ FP ^ ~F~P) & (~P -> ~AP ^ ~A~P ^ ~FP ^ ~F~P)

I would like to propose that 2^4 to 2^8 types of positive statements exist. A common type of positive statement treated like type 1 is:
(P -> ~AP ^ ~A~P ^ ~FP ^ ~F~P) & (~P -> ~AP ^ ~A~P ^ ~FP ^ ~F~P)
Title: Re: debate
Post by: dreadwoe on April 12, 2012, 11:54:27 pm
since there arent any sections dedicated to the ever-enjoyable sport of debate, i felt one should be posted. i felt philosophy is a nice home for it too. so without further ado, lets start things off.

i feel that absolutely believing something is true is foolish.
any retorts or personal elaborations?

You "feel" this way, is that right?  Well do you absolutely believe that you feel this way?  Or are you unsure of position on the matter, rendering the fact of your belief a half-truth, which can not be evaluated as it's meaning is determined by the speaker,whose mind we cannot fathom.
Title: Re: debate
Post by: Cheesy111 on April 13, 2012, 12:09:48 am
since there arent any sections dedicated to the ever-enjoyable sport of debate, i felt one should be posted. i felt philosophy is a nice home for it too. so without further ado, lets start things off.

i feel that absolutely believing something is true is foolish.
any retorts or personal elaborations?

You "feel" this way, is that right?  Well do you absolutely believe that you feel this way?  Or are you unsure of position on the matter, rendering the fact of your belief a half-truth, which can not be evaluated as it's meaning is determined by the speaker,whose mind we cannot fathom.
This is derp.  The verb "to feel" is used here as slang for "to believe".  By posting for debates in philosophy, unit is obviously not unsure of his position on the matter.  And even if unit was unsure of his position on the matter, it wouldn't render anything a half-truth.  He would simply be unsure of his position on the matter, and that would be the truth.  One does not have to believe in one side of an argument or another for the fact of one's belief to be true.
Title: Re: debate
Post by: dreadwoe on April 13, 2012, 07:18:38 pm
aww i thought i sounded smart, but everything I say just comes out wrong.
Title: Psychology Argument
Post by: microman362 on May 05, 2012, 04:11:14 am
since there arent any sections dedicated to the ever-enjoyable sport of debate, i felt one should be posted. i felt philosophy is a nice home for it too. so without further ado, lets start things off.

i feel that absolutely believing something is true is foolish.
any retorts or personal elaborations?

First of all, I'd like to thank you for starting this thread. Debate is always fun! Okay, not always, but it usually is. But without further ado...

I think what you are describing here is radical skepticism. Wikipedia sums it up nicely: "Radical skeptics hold that doubt exists as to the veracity of every belief and that certainty is therefore never justified."

One can prove that believing in something is *not* foolish by proving the all-inclusive opposite to be false, by proving that radical skepticism is foolish.


Radical skepticism is psychologically impossible!
David Hume, who was and is one of the most famous skeptics, wrote that "[a] true sceptic will be diffident in his philosophical doubts, as well as of his philosophical conviction; and will never refuse any innocent satisfaction, which offers itself, upon account of either of them." I rather like the way Oliver A. Johnson describes Hume's view in this passage from Skepticism and Cognitivism: A Study in the Foundations of Knowledge:

Quote from: David Hume
But Hume finds the pursuit of philosophy, entered on with such pleasure, leading him into problems for which he can find no answers, until in despair he admits, "I am confounded with all these questions, and begin to fancy myself in the most deplorable condition imaginable, inviron'd with the deepest darkness."39 Just as reason betrays him and he finds himself sinking into melancholy, nature comes to his aid. He suddenly loses interest in philosophical issues and feels an urge to thrust disputation from his mind, returning to relaxation and amusement. "I dine, I play a game of back-gammon, I converse, and am merry with my friends."40 And so the pendulum of Hume's life swings to and fro.

To believe in radical skepticism is to deny one's psychology. Psychology rebels against radical skepticism. Hume loses interest in philosophical issues when he starts following the questions radical skepticism poses for him. He cannot deny himself day-to-day satisfactions. He chooses to play backgammon because, through inductive reasoning (the enemy of skepticism), his inner self knows that it will be pleasing to him. His inner self rebels against his outer skepticism. If denying one's own self in the name of being a super-skeptic is not foolish, I do not know what is.

TL;DR:
Believing something to be absolutely true is not foolish, because believing nothing to be absolutely true is foolish.


Edit: Changed the subject of my post to "Psychology Argument" :3
Title: Practicality Argument
Post by: microman362 on May 05, 2012, 04:23:54 am
It seemed natural to split the two arguments between posts so that it isn't just one behemoth.

A second reason why radical skepticism is foolish is practicality. Inductive reasoning says that "Because gravity pulled me back down the last 5,000 times I jumped, it will pull me back down if I jump one more time.". Radical skepticism says that one should be skeptical, that one should not use inductive reasoning to firmly believe that you will come back if you jump one more time.

Using the same framework as last time of proving that absolute belief is not foolish because the only alternative is foolish (as per the law of excluded middle), I will prove that, well... absolute belief is not foolish.

This time, we should look at practicality. I promise this post will be shorter than the last one. Radical skepticism is foolish because it argues that one should never absolutely believe in something. So where does it become useful? What good has come of radical skepticism? What benefit? All radical skepticism has served as is a test of philosophers, a game of "Let's see if we can beat the ultimate skeptic and prove that at least one thing is true!" But that is no reason to believe in radical skepticism. Radical skepticism is not practical at all, because you will constantly live in fear that all results can potentially be random. There is no certainty that the sun will rise the next day. It isn't practical at all to believe in such a thing and why believe in something that serves no practical purpose? If no results come of the belief, there is no reason to believe.

The question is not "How can radical skepticism be foolish?", but rather, "How can't radical skepticism be foolish?"
Title: Re: Practicality Argument
Post by: RootRanger on May 07, 2012, 11:50:09 pm
I think what you are describing here is radical skepticism. Wikipedia sums it up nicely: "Radical skeptics hold that doubt exists as to the veracity of every belief and that certainty is therefore never justified."
I do not believe that I am absolutely certain that there are no absolute truths. I merely believe that the possibility that one can not know any absolute truth is more likely than the possibility that one can know an absolute truth.

One can prove that believing in something is *not* foolish by proving the all-inclusive opposite to be false, by proving that radical skepticism is foolish.

Radical skepticism is psychologically impossible!
David Hume, who was and is one of the most famous skeptics, wrote that "[a] true sceptic will be diffident in his philosophical doubts, as well as of his philosophical conviction; and will never refuse any innocent satisfaction, which offers itself, upon account of either of them." I rather like the way Oliver A. Johnson describes Hume's view in this passage from Skepticism and Cognitivism: A Study in the Foundations of Knowledge:

Quote from: David Hume
But Hume finds the pursuit of philosophy, entered on with such pleasure, leading him into problems for which he can find no answers, until in despair he admits, "I am confounded with all these questions, and begin to fancy myself in the most deplorable condition imaginable, inviron'd with the deepest darkness."39 Just as reason betrays him and he finds himself sinking into melancholy, nature comes to his aid. He suddenly loses interest in philosophical issues and feels an urge to thrust disputation from his mind, returning to relaxation and amusement. "I dine, I play a game of back-gammon, I converse, and am merry with my friends."40 And so the pendulum of Hume's life swings to and fro.

To believe in radical skepticism is to deny one's psychology. Psychology rebels against radical skepticism. Hume loses interest in philosophical issues when he starts following the questions radical skepticism poses for him. He cannot deny himself day-to-day satisfactions. He chooses to play backgammon because, through inductive reasoning (the enemy of skepticism), his inner self knows that it will be pleasing to him. His inner self rebels against his outer skepticism. If denying one's own self in the name of being a super-skeptic is not foolish, I do not know what is.
I would need for you to clarify the definition of "Radical Skeptic." Does a radical skeptic not believe in absolute truths, or does a radical skeptic not believe in knowledge ? The argument is about the former, but what I have read and what you have argued makes me believe radical skepticism is defined as the latter.

So where does it become useful? What good has come of radical skepticism? What benefit? All radical skepticism has served as is a test of philosophers, a game of "Let's see if we can beat the ultimate skeptic and prove that at least one thing is true!" But that is no reason to believe in radical skepticism. Radical skepticism is not practical at all, because you will constantly live in fear that all results can potentially be random. There is no certainty that the sun will rise the next day. It isn't practical at all to believe in such a thing and why believe in something that serves no practical purpose? If no results come of the belief, there is no reason to believe.
Convenience is not the same as truth.

My life would be greatly improved if I believed that there was a magic chocolate god that would give me eternally delicious life after I died, but that's simply not logical.
Title: Re: debate
Post by: OldTrees on May 08, 2012, 12:08:30 am
It appears that the wikipedia summary of Radical skepticism (as presented by microman) is defined by the following assertion.
"I know doubt exists as to the veracity of every belief and therefore no knowledge (justified true belief) exists."

This assertion is self contradicting. (It uses a claim of knowledge to claim knowledge does not exist.)


This is of course different from the statement
"I believe doubt exists as to the veracity of every belief and therefore I do not believe knowledge (justified true belief) exists."
Title: Re: debate
Post by: RootRanger on May 08, 2012, 12:38:51 am
The question would be whether or not knowledge implies absolute certainty. In my opinion, it does not.
Title: Re: debate
Post by: OldTrees on May 08, 2012, 12:56:23 am
The question would be whether or not knowledge implies absolute certainty. In my opinion, it does not.
You see a white fluffy shape half behind a tree in a sheep pasture. You say "There is a sheep behind that tree." There was a sheep behind the tree. However the white fluffy shape is a blanket about to be hung out to dry. Did you know a sheep was behind the tree?

I say no. There was no causal link between your true belief and the absolute truth it is making a claim about.

The way I solve this problem is by requiring a belief to be inherently* true before it is knowledge.
*By inherently I mean the belief could not have been false. This is a stricter requirement than requiring the belief be true.
Title: Re: debate
Post by: memimemi on August 17, 2012, 04:58:58 am
The question would be whether or not knowledge implies absolute certainty. In my opinion, it does not.
You see a white fluffy shape half behind a tree in a sheep pasture. You say "There is a sheep behind that tree." There was a sheep behind the tree. However the white fluffy shape is a blanket about to be hung out to dry. Did you know a sheep was behind the tree?

I say no. There was no causal link between your true belief and the absolute truth it is making a claim about.

The way I solve this problem is by requiring a belief to be inherently* true before it is knowledge.
*By inherently I mean the belief could not have been false. This is a stricter requirement than requiring the belief be true.

Necro, I know, but I'd like to throw in, here.  OldTrees, your logic seems to be based on Russel and Whitehead; correct me if I'm wrong.  If so, though, how do you deal with statements (logic strings) which truthfully assert their own unprovability (a la Gödel)?

"This statement could be false," in your above description of 'inherently true,' is both inherently true, and due to it's formulation, also not true enough to be knowledge.  There are an infinite number of other such formulations which bring uncertainty to ANY formalized logic system powerful enough to describe its own veracity.

Though I agree that belief =/= evidence for NOR against truth values, I don't see how your epistemology can hold up to skeptical inquiry.
Title: Re: debate
Post by: OldTrees on August 17, 2012, 08:09:43 am
The question would be whether or not knowledge implies absolute certainty. In my opinion, it does not.
You see a white fluffy shape half behind a tree in a sheep pasture. You say "There is a sheep behind that tree." There was a sheep behind the tree. However the white fluffy shape is a blanket about to be hung out to dry. Did you know a sheep was behind the tree?

I say no. There was no causal link between your true belief and the absolute truth it is making a claim about.

The way I solve this problem is by requiring a belief to be inherently* true before it is knowledge.
*By inherently I mean the belief could not have been false. This is a stricter requirement than requiring the belief be true.

Necro, I know, but I'd like to throw in, here.  OldTrees, your logic seems to be based on Russel and Whitehead; correct me if I'm wrong.  If so, though, how do you deal with statements (logic strings) which truthfully assert their own unprovability (a la Gödel)?

"This statement could be false," in your above description of 'inherently true,' is both inherently true, and due to it's formulation, also not true enough to be knowledge.  There are an infinite number of other such formulations which bring uncertainty to ANY formalized logic system powerful enough to describe its own veracity.

Though I agree that belief =/= evidence for NOR against truth values, I don't see how your epistemology can hold up to skeptical inquiry.
I am afraid I am much more of an amateur in this field. I don't know of Russel or Whitehead by name.

@Unproveable statement that truthfully claims it is unproveable. [Unknowable]
I have 2 statements. Both claim to be unproveable. One is true the other is false.
I can learn the false claim is false by proving it is false. If it were not false I would not be able to prove it false. Therefore my belief it the false claim being false is true and would not exist if the claim were not false. This belief would be knowledge.
I cannot differentiate the true claim from a yet unproven false claim. Therefore if I believed the true claim were true then I would believe it were true regardless of whether it was true or not. Since I could have the same belief from the same premises and be incorrect, the belief is not knowledge.

@"This statement could be false"
Was this a typo? I initially wrote "Inherently true means a belief that could not have been false." The beliefs that the statement "This statement could be false" being true or false both can be false. Since the beliefs could be false they are not knowledge.

Usually knowledge is defined as justified belief that happens to be true. I find issue with the coincidence of "happens to" rather than the stronger link of "must".
Title: Re: debate
Post by: pervepic on August 17, 2012, 02:52:06 pm
"Believing absolutely that something is true is foolish"

Not sure what this sentence means. First, it is a self-contradiction. Secondly, it is too vague. When knowledge is often defined as "true belief" then also "knowing absolutely that something is true is foolish", which  is contradiction again. But if knowing is not "true belief" then what it is? Shouldn't believing and knowing be related with the truth as things really are? If not, how we can define them? And if we think that believing absolutely something is stupid because there is no absolute truth, then that opinion presents itself as absolute truth. If not, then there is or can exist an absolute truth sometimes. Further, not sure what "believing absolutely" means, because mental act (believing) can't be so overwhelming that it exhaust itself in believing; there should be also a consciousness about believing, which is not believing but awareness of believing. And if we understand "believing" as "just  believing" and not (absolute) knowing then this sentence is just a trivial tautology. Finally, "foolish". What that means really? Who is fool? A person who doesn't know how things really are.
Title: Re: debate
Post by: OldTrees on August 17, 2012, 04:35:10 pm
"Believing absolutely that something is true is foolish"

Not sure what this sentence means. First, it is a self-contradiction. Secondly, it is too vague. When knowledge is often defined as "true belief" then also "knowing absolutely that something is true is foolish", which  is contradiction again. But if knowing is not "true belief" then what it is? Shouldn't believing and knowing be related with the truth as things really are? If not, how we can define them? And if we think that believing absolutely something is stupid because there is no absolute truth, then that opinion presents itself as absolute truth. If not, then there is or can exist an absolute truth sometimes. Further, not sure what "believing absolutely" means, because mental act (believing) can't be so overwhelming that it exhaust itself in believing; there should be also a consciousness about believing, which is not believing but awareness of believing. And if we understand "believing" as "just  believing" and not (absolute) knowing then this sentence is just a trivial tautology. Finally, "foolish". What that means really? Who is fool? A person who doesn't know how things really are.
Believing absolutely that the earth is flat is foolish. (Not a contradiction)
The statement is about belief not true belief or justified true belief.
True belief is not the usually definition of knowledge. The usual definition is justified true belief.
JTB knowledge definition does not provide certainty that the belief you consider to be knowledge is even true.
The statement does not claim absolute truth does not exist. It claims that thinking you belief the absolute truth without considering your capacity for being wrong is foolish.
Believing absolutely means you don't consider the fact that you can be wrong.
No one knows how things really are. A fool in this context is someone that forgets that they can be wrong.
Title: Re: debate
Post by: pervepic on August 17, 2012, 09:41:28 pm
Believing absolutely that the earth is flat is foolish. (Not a contradiction)
Yes, but "believing absolutely that something is true" is in a way a contradiction like "everything is relative" is. Saw the difference? This sentence tries to be absolute itself.

The statement is about belief not true belief or justified true belief.
That's why it is either trivial or vague (or both) and need explanations through the concepts that stand near to it.

True belief is not the usually definition of knowledge. The usual definition is justified true belief.
I didn't say that the belief is a definition of knowledge. True belief can be true even without anybody's justifcation. That doesn't matter too much anyway.

JTB knowledge definition does not provide certainty that the belief you consider to be knowledge is even true.
No definition can provide that something is true except analytical definitons. So?

The statement does not claim absolute truth does not exist. It claims that thinking you belief the absolute truth without considering your capacity for being wrong is foolish.
Yeah I saw what it claims. I just offered a way to interpret this. Another way to understand belief here is as "not knowledge" indeed and then it follows that my believing can be right or wrong. That's the analytical triviality of this sentence. Fool is somebody who messes up knowledge and belief, but that usually happens from the point of view of others. But a believer must knows that he believes (as I mentined), otherwise he doesn't and can't believe.

Believing absolutely means you don't consider the fact that you can be wrong.
That's is close to knowing, isn't it? Believing absolutely is either a knowledge or just a nonsense, because "believing" pretty much means that that I can be right or wrong, right? But if "believing absolutely" is a knowledge or close to it, then it relates to truth traditionally. 1 plus 1 is 2, I believe that I can't be wrong; am I foolish now?

No one knows how things really are.
Hod do you know that? Seems that you know how things are  :)

A fool in this context is someone that forgets that they can be wrong.
Context is pretty much missing here, in this sole sentence we spoke about.







Title: Re: debate
Post by: OldTrees on August 17, 2012, 10:03:52 pm
Believing absolutely that the earth is flat is foolish. (Not a contradiction)
Yes, but "believing absolutely that something is true" is in a way a contradiction like "everything is relative" is. Saw the difference? This sentence tries to be absolute itself.

Believing absolutely means you don't consider the fact that you can be wrong.
That's is close to knowing, isn't it? Believing absolutely is either a knowledge or just a nonsense, because "believing" pretty much means that that I can be right or wrong, right? But if "believing absolutely" is a knowledge or close to it, then it relates to truth traditionally. 1 plus 1 is 2, I believe that I can't be wrong; am I foolish now?

A fool in this context is someone that forgets that they can be wrong.
Context is pretty much missing here, in this sole sentence we spoke about.
You are using the wrong meaning of something. In this case it is used as a pronoun for "insert belief here". It does not imply relativity. Additionally you should assume that someone that protests ignoring the possibility of being wrong is not ignoring the possibility of being wrong.

Believing absolutely (aka forgetting you can be wrong) is not related to knowledge it is related to conviction. So yes, merely believing you can't be wrong about 1+1=2 is foolish. Knowing 1+1=2 would not be foolish. There is a difference.

The context is who spoke the sentence and the conversation around that sentence.
Title: Re: debate
Post by: pervepic on August 17, 2012, 11:25:14 pm
"I am convinced that I went outside 1 hour ago". English is not my native language, but I don't get why this sentence is more close to believing than knowing. For me it seems then every knowledge can be expressed as strict conviction or belief - that's why knowledge is true (and justified, as you wish) belief.

From you just follows that "merely believing" is stupid in any case (even in case that 1 plus 1 and the circle is round) and "absolute belief" is even worse (since it somehow mysteriously forgets that it can be wrong and is therefore a  belief) then both of then just can't participate in the traditional meaning of knowledge. For me it is completely unclear from where that strict distinction comes from. From truth? No, since both knowledge and belief are trying to be true. From justification? But you never know when something is justified enough and you shouldn't ask further. That's a matter of belief.

"You are using the wrong meaning of something. In this case it is used as a pronoun for "insert belief here". It does not imply relativity. Additionally you should assume that someone that protests ignoring the possibility of being wrong is not ignoring the possibility of being wrong."

Saying again: a sentence that says that believing something absolutely is foolish is foolish because it believes absolutely that believing something absolutely is foolish. Relativity was just an example. Further, about the possibility of being wrong, did I assumed anything else? Where?

Title: Re: debate
Post by: OldTrees on August 17, 2012, 11:40:16 pm
"I am convinced that I went outside 1 hour ago". English is not my native language, but I don't get why this sentence is more close to believing than knowing. For me it seems then every knowledge can be expressed as strict conviction or belief - that's why knowledge is true (and justified, as you wish) belief.

From you just follows that "merely believing" is stupid in any case (even in case that 1 plus 1 and the circle is round) and "absolute belief" is even worse (since it somehow mysteriously forgets that it can be wrong and is therefore a  belief) then both of then just can't participate in the traditional meaning of knowledge. For me it is completely unclear from where that strict distinction comes from. From truth? No, since both knowledge and belief are trying to be true. From justification? But you never know when something is justified enough and you shouldn't ask further. That's a matter of belief.

"You are using the wrong meaning of something. In this case it is used as a pronoun for "insert belief here". It does not imply relativity. Additionally you should assume that someone that protests ignoring the possibility of being wrong is not ignoring the possibility of being wrong."

Saying again: a sentence that says that believing something absolutely is foolish is foolish because it believes absolutely that believing something absolutely is foolish. Relativity was just an example. Further, about the possibility of being wrong, did I assumed anything else? Where?
If I know X then I believe X. [P -> Q]
Q does not imply P.
Knowledge is usually defined as justified true belief: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justified_true_belief
Justification is discussed in Epistemology: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_justification
I hold to the concept that justification arises if the belief could only exist if true. This solidifies the usage of knowledge as a belief that is necessarily true.
If a belief can be wrong (merely belief) then treating it as if it can't be wrong(stronger justification definition of knowledge) is foolish.

The belief that believing something absolutely is foolish is only foolish if believed absolutely. If the possibility of error is recognized then there is no contradiction.
Title: Re: debate
Post by: pervepic on August 18, 2012, 01:27:27 am
Yeah, from that follows that this sentence itself can't be very radical or something like an universal principle. In addition, often "mere beliefs" that are most likely true are used practically in everyday life (I believe that the sun will rise tomorrow etc).  And overall  I agree that the "foolishness" can come only when a believer confuses "mere believing" with the "strict believing" as necessarily true beliefs. In a way it is so self-evident that seems almost tautological, since  "absolute believing" can't be a "mere believing" at the same time. It is a contradiction and only a fool can believe in contradictions. But the problem that I wanted to show was that from the first person's perspective it is very hard to make difference between that kind of "absolute believing" and knowing. When a person is so certain then he thinks that he knows something, although others may tell that this is just his belief. Of course in my interpretation I didn't consider knowledge as something about "necessarily true", because this is far too narrow definition imo. Besides, necessity is also a matter of interpretation. And knowledge can be also about single facts (I don't like that word either), events and tendencies which can or can't be interpreted as a part of the necessity. Seeing it in that way it seemed to me that since there are no too obvious way to make difference between knowing and absolute believing, the whole sentence seemed far too naive. Another problem lies in the meaning of "belief". I thought that it has pretty much the meaning of "mere belief" and if so, how can it turn out to be "absolute" as almost non-belief anymore? Is it still a belief then and who says so? In a word, the term "absolute belief" seemed contradictious too, because it requires awareness of that belief as a belief from the first-person perspective (it can't be knowing which it seemed to be finally). One most know that one believes. Who else can judge that? So, a sentence about the absolute belief turned out to be both trivial and contradictious at the same time. Therefore I stated to think that maybe there is another possibility to see that and I think that there is: to believe that something is absolutely true is foolish because there is no absolute truth! This seems more interesting but sadly it is contradictious too, already because the meaning of the fool who doesn't know how the things really are (it assumes the universal truth again). Secondly, absolute believing which seemed to be close to knowing was also related with truth. Anyway, the whole sentence is full of problems, it seems.
Title: Re: debate
Post by: OldTrees on August 18, 2012, 03:06:29 am
You lost me.

I think you meant trivial or a contradiction. Trivial logical statements are rarely contradictions. However while the statement is trivial when thought about, in practice some people fall victim to ignoring that they can be wrong. Thus the comment is not trivial when applied to the limited rationality of society.

If I said "The sky is blue", then regardless of the detail that it could have meant "The sky is sad" it does not mean "The sky is blue". Even if you can interpret the sentence to mean something about relativity, it was not talking about relativity.
Title: Re: debate
Post by: memimemi on August 18, 2012, 03:40:52 am


I am afraid I am much more of an amateur in this field. I don't know of Russel or Whitehead by name.

This (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/principia-mathematica/) is a good start.

Quote
@Unproveable statement that truthfully claims it is unproveable. [Unknowable]
I have 2 statements. Both claim to be unproveable. One is true the other is false.
I can learn the false claim is false by proving it is false. If it were not false I would not be able to prove it false. Therefore my belief it the false claim being false is true and would not exist if the claim were not false. This belief would be knowledge.
I cannot differentiate the true claim from a yet unproven false claim. Therefore if I believed the true claim were true then I would believe it were true regardless of whether it was true or not. Since I could have the same belief from the same premises and be incorrect, the belief is not knowledge.

Okay, so, take the statement "[This statement] cannot be proven to be true."  In order to falsify it, you would have to prove that its true - thereby rendering it false, which means your axioms, or the system of logic used, is providing false statements as proven truths, rendering it unreliable as a gauge of truth.  However, if it cannot be proven true, that makes it true, which means the logic system is unable to provide all truths as outputs from manipulation of axioms.  Either way, you have what is either obviously a true statement, or a subtly true AND false statement.  In both cases, proofs fail, despite our sure and certain knowledge that it is true.

Quote
@"This statement could be false"
Was this a typo? I initially wrote "Inherently true means a belief that could not have been false." The beliefs that the statement "This statement could be false" being true or false both can be false. Since the beliefs could be false they are not knowledge.

Usually knowledge is defined as justified belief that happens to be true. I find issue with the coincidence of "happens to" rather than the stronger link of "must".

The statement "This statement could be false" defies your criteria for knowledge, and most certainly was not a typo.  If it is true, then it could be false, rendering a formal proof impossible, despite it being true.  If it is false, then it is true.  So, in either case, it is true, but not (by your definition) inherently true, and so not knowledge, and by extension, not knowable. 

Knowledge is to Truth as Quadrilateral is to Square.  Truth is only one of the domains of Knowledge.  We can also know, for example, fears; lies; fictional characters; hopes; legends; etc. (Note that all of these things are knowable, despite not being true in any proveable way.)  Truth is but one of many things we can know; however, without a knower, there is no Truth.  Note that 'knower' is used loosely, here - any mechanism for distinguishing falsehood/logical inconsistancy from Truth/formally provable fact - will do.

Knowledge cannot possibly be a 'justified belief' - the very concept begs the question: how can one have a 'justified' belief, without prior knowledge with which to justify it? 
Title: Re: debate
Post by: OldTrees on August 18, 2012, 04:24:41 am
@memimemi
Thanks for the link!

@"This statement cannot be proven true"
If it could be proven true it would be proven false. If this statement could be proven false then it would be true. If it must be true xor false (suspicious premise for such statements), then it cannot be proven true. If we know that it must be true xor false then it could be proven true. If it must be true xor false then we must not be able to know it must be true xor false. If we know it is not true xor false then we get into hairy possibilities (both and neither) about which I do not know the logic to shape into proofs. I do not know the truth value of this statement thus I do not know if it can be proved true.

@"This statement could be false"
If true it is either true but not false or true and false. If false it is both false and true. If neither true nor false then it is neither true nor false.
[different meanings of could might shift these a bit]

PS: I assume there is some math out their that can work with 4 truth states.

I might be able to know Tolkien wrote Legolas was an elf. I do not think I would be able to know Legolas was an elf. The first is true the second is not true.
Knowledge is a type of belief. I assume there are true statements that can be made about the time before rational beings. Wouldn't these statements be true before they were conceived? Aka is truth a belief or a characteristic?

If you do not ascribe to justified true belief (for good reason it looks), what is the definition for knowledge you use?
Title: Re: debate
Post by: memimemi on August 18, 2012, 05:30:15 am
@memimemi
Thanks for the link!

 ;D

@"This statement cannot be proven true"
If it could be proven true it would be proven false. If this statement could be proven false then it would be true. If it must be true xor false (suspicious premise for such statements), then it cannot be proven true. If we know that it must be true xor false then it could be proven true. If it must be true xor false then we must not be able to know it must be true xor false. If we know it is not true xor false then we get into hairy possibilities (both and neither) about which I do not know the logic to shape into proofs. I do not know the truth value of this statement thus I do not know if it can be proved true.
In principle, however, you can know that it's true: take the set [all theorems proven true from these axioms], and see whether the statement 'This statement cannot be proven true' lies within it.  If it does, then it has been proven true, and so is true - except that it has falsified itself.  If it does not, then it cannot be proven true, and so is true.  In both cases, you do know the truth value, because you cannot provide a proof.  No matter what, it's a true statement to our understanding (mind, self, what have you), and yet cannot be proven.
Quote
@"This statement could be false"
If true it is either true but not false or true and false. If false it is both false and true. If neither true nor false then it is neither true nor false.
[different meanings of could might shift these a bit]

PS: I assume there is some math out their that can work with 4 truth states.
Mathematics have a great deal of trouble with discussing themselves.  I think you'll enjoy the Principia.

Quote
I might be able to know Tolkien wrote Legolas was an elf. I do not think I would be able to know Legolas was an elf. The first is true the second is not true.
Knowledge is a type of belief. I assume there are true statements that can be made about the time before rational beings. Wouldn't these statements be true before they were conceived? Aka is truth a belief or a characteristic?

If you do not ascribe to justified true belief (for good reason it looks), what is the definition for knowledge you use?

i) To say that knowing Tolkien wrote LoTR, with Legolas as an Elf, precludes knowing that Legolas is an Elf, is akin to saying that knowing that Tolkein was a product of his DNA reacting with its environment precludes knowing that Tolkien was a writer.  The truth of whether elves exist is irrelevant; we know that Legolas is one.  Legolas is fictional, elves are fictional, we know they're fictional, but we also know what they are.  We also know what they aren't - Ents come to mind, OldTrees.

ii) Knowledge is not a type of belief.  They are cousins, perhaps, but not siblings.  I can know, based on census figures, that the population of Detroit, MI, was just over 700,000 people in 2011, even though I really find it hard to believe that that many people have bothered to stay.  If I trust the census, though, my belief will change to fit the facts.  I can believe, wholeheartedly, that the Earth will turn entirely to Nerf next Tuesday, even though I know that there is no mechanism by which that could conceivably happen.

iii) Truth is neither a belief nor a characteristic.  It is the most agreed upon representation of the Human experience of events, most of which are far beyond our comprehension.  Knowledge is the repeated experience of events, and perception thereof, that best agrees with the common experience of one's peers.

I hold forth that we cannot claim any absolute knowledge, as we have but a finite capacity, in the face of an infinite universe.  Remember that we're built to survive on one small speck of rock and iron, in a suburban area of a backwater galaxy - we're not so good at imagining truly universal concepts, since they don't really add any survival value to our genes. 
Title: Re: debate
Post by: OldTrees on August 18, 2012, 05:46:15 am
ii) Knowledge is not a type of belief.  They are cousins, perhaps, but not siblings.  I can know, based on census figures, that the population of Detroit, MI, was just over 700,000 people in 2011, even though I really find it hard to believe that that many people have bothered to stay.  If I trust the census, though, my belief will change to fit the facts.  I can believe, wholeheartedly, that the Earth will turn entirely to Nerf next Tuesday, even though I know that there is no mechanism by which that could conceivably happen.

iii) Truth is neither a belief nor a characteristic.  It is the most agreed upon representation of the Human experience of events, most of which are far beyond our comprehension.  Knowledge is the repeated experience of events, and perception thereof, that best agrees with the common experience of one's peers.
I am really glad you necro'd this thread.

ii) I can believe that the Earth will turn to Nerf next Tuesday, even though I do not know of a mechanism. Are you sure you can believe it if you know no mechanism exists?

iii) So Truth can be false? See the belief in a flat Earth back when there was a consensus to that effect.
Title: Re: debate
Post by: pervepic on August 18, 2012, 10:30:58 am
"You lost me"

Dream on.  Many trivial commonsense beliefs can be contradictious if we analyze inherent meanings that are assumed there. Self-contradictious sentences can also include tautologies (like simple derivation from the obvious meaning of the concept) , I don't see any problems with that. If you want me to start counting how many times you "lost" me, then I can do that. But that's a childish way to speak about the topic.

"If I said "The sky is blue", then regardless of the detail that it could have meant "The sky is sad" it does not mean "The sky is blue". Even if you can interpret the sentence to mean something about relativity, it was not talking about relativity."

Mh? I wasn't talking about realtivity either. I just brought one example how a sentence about relativity relates to itself. Are you reading what I am writing or just throwing your ideas, guru? Please explain further what did you meant with the "sky is blue" example and how it is related with the topic.

Sentences like "you should always consider that you can be wrong" are something that are called truisms, which have rather bad reputations. Their seeming self-evidence hides many contradictions and problems and after analyzing them all that remain are just a vaguessness and tautologies (or too small hermeneutical circles, which don't give us anything new).

Explaining once more. I can take a mental state (a bit problematic but overall more or less understandable thing like "absolute belief") and say something about that tautologically (using that is "foolish", but this "foolishness" comes pretty much from the definition of that weird thing). It is not a logical tautology but a rhetorical one - it doesn't open many new horizons and meanings with that. Besides,  now it is also unclear why this weirdness doesn't apply to the whole sentence itsef (although there was used "feeling" instead of "believing", but no big difference in principle). So, what we have here is vaguessness, tautology, contradiction(s) in one sentence. Therefore, in a way it is a brilliant one.

Title: Re: debate
Post by: memimemi on August 18, 2012, 11:47:11 am

I am really glad you necro'd this thread.

ii) I can believe that the Earth will turn to Nerf next Tuesday, even though I do not know of a mechanism. Are you sure you can believe it if you know no mechanism exists?

iii) So Truth can be false? See the belief in a flat Earth back when there was a consensus to that effect.

ii) Yes.  To do otherwise is to deny the phenomenon of religious belief.  Tertullian's "credo qua absurdum;" Kirkegaard's 'leap of faith:' for many, knowledge of how God performs his divine acts is in direct contravention with faith in God, which is isopomorphic with belief in God. 

iii) First, we need to separate the concepts of '(absolute) Truth' from mere truth.  The former, were it to be a consistant quality, must not be false in any way at all.  The latter, however, has no such strict requirement.  Look at the scientific method: all truths are conditionial.  Does this mean that science is not a means of garnering knowledge?  Did Ptolemy not 'know' that the planets followed their unusual epicycles, on their paths around the Earth?  Human-level truths are necessarily conditionial - until such a time as we become omniscient, we have no way of knowing whether any true statement is absolutely true.
Title: Re: debate
Post by: OldTrees on August 18, 2012, 05:02:19 pm
"You lost me"

Dream on.  Many trivial commonsense beliefs can be contradictious if we analyze inherent meanings that are assumed there. Self-contradictious sentences can also include tautologies (like simple derivation from the obvious meaning of the concept) , I don't see any problems with that. If you want me to start counting how many times you "lost" me, then I can do that. But that's a childish way to speak about the topic.

"If I said "The sky is blue", then regardless of the detail that it could have meant "The sky is sad" it does not mean "The sky is blue". Even if you can interpret the sentence to mean something about relativity, it was not talking about relativity."

Mh? I wasn't talking about realtivity either. I just brought one example how a sentence about relativity relates to itself. Are you reading what I am writing or just throwing your ideas, guru? Please explain further what did you meant with the "sky is blue" example and how it is related with the topic.

Sentences like "you should always consider that you can be wrong" are something that are called truisms, which have rather bad reputations. Their seeming self-evidence hides many contradictions and problems and after analyzing them all that remain are just a vaguessness and tautologies (or too small hermeneutical circles, which don't give us anything new).

Explaining once more. I can take a mental state (a bit problematic but overall more or less understandable thing like "absolute belief") and say something about that tautologically (using that is "foolish", but this "foolishness" comes pretty much from the definition of that weird thing). It is not a logical tautology but a rhetorical one - it doesn't open many new horizons and meanings with that. Besides,  now it is also unclear why this weirdness doesn't apply to the whole sentence itsef (although there was used "feeling" instead of "believing", but no big difference in principle). So, what we have here is vaguessness, tautology, contradiction(s) in one sentence. Therefore, in a way it is a brilliant one.
When I said you lost me I was serious. I did not understand what you were trying to say in your last post. "Dream on" is a rude comment to make. I am trying to understand what you said. If I understood enough to ask a question, I would have. Since I did not understand that much, I admitted my failing and notified you that your message was not received.

"Tautology (logic), a technical notion in formal logic, universal unconditioned truth, always valid"
"A contradiction consists of a logical incompatibility between two or more propositions." A self contradicting statement is something that cannot be true.
Therefore "No tautology is a contradiction"

There was a typo in the Sky is blue example:
"If I said "The sky is blue", then regardless of the detail that it could have meant "The sky is sad" it does not mean "The sky is sad". Even if you can interpret the sentence to mean something about relativity, it was not talking about relativity."
It was in reference to you interpreting a possible relativity meaning (there is no truth) in the original sentence that was not put there by the writer. This might just be an example of where I have misunderstood what you have been writing.

"A truism is a claim that is so obvious or self-evident as to be hardly worth mentioning, except as a reminder"

In the case of the original statement we have a truism used as a reminder combined with a normative assertion. The truism is self-evident and thus not a contradiction. The assertion was derived from the truism and an unstated normative premise ("irrationality is foolish") so the assertion is not tautological nor self contradicting.


I am really glad you necro'd this thread.

ii) I can believe that the Earth will turn to Nerf next Tuesday, even though I do not know of a mechanism. Are you sure you can believe it if you know no mechanism exists?

iii) So Truth can be false? See the belief in a flat Earth back when there was a consensus to that effect.

ii) Yes.  To do otherwise is to deny the phenomenon of religious belief.  Tertullian's "credo qua absurdum;" Kirkegaard's 'leap of faith:' for many, knowledge of how God performs his divine acts is in direct contravention with faith in God, which is isopomorphic with belief in God. 

iii) First, we need to separate the concepts of '(absolute) Truth' from mere truth.  The former, were it to be a consistant quality, must not be false in any way at all.  The latter, however, has no such strict requirement.  Look at the scientific method: all truths are conditionial.  Does this mean that science is not a means of garnering knowledge?  Did Ptolemy not 'know' that the planets followed their unusual epicycles, on their paths around the Earth?  Human-level truths are necessarily conditionial - until such a time as we become omniscient, we have no way of knowing whether any true statement is absolutely true.
ii) All the religious belief I have encountered is more similar to believing despite having evidence against (know of no mechanism) rather than despite having solid proof (know no mechanism exists) against.

iii) I think I understand. You are using truth to describe our perception of a statement rather than describing the truth value of the statement. Is this accurate?
Title: Re: debate
Post by: memimemi on August 18, 2012, 05:53:30 pm




ii) Yes.  To do otherwise is to deny the phenomenon of religious belief.  Tertullian's "credo qua absurdum;" Kirkegaard's 'leap of faith:' for many, knowledge of how God performs his divine acts is in direct contravention with faith in God, which is isopomorphic with belief in God. 

iii) First, we need to separate the concepts of '(absolute) Truth' from mere truth.  The former, were it to be a consistant quality, must not be false in any way at all.  The latter, however, has no such strict requirement.  Look at the scientific method: all truths are conditionial.  Does this mean that science is not a means of garnering knowledge?  Did Ptolemy not 'know' that the planets followed their unusual epicycles, on their paths around the Earth?  Human-level truths are necessarily conditionial - until such a time as we become omniscient, we have no way of knowing whether any true statement is absolutely true.
ii) All the religious belief I have encountered is more similar to believing despite having evidence against (know of no mechanism) rather than despite having solid proof (know no mechanism exists) against.

iii) I think I understand. You are using truth to describe our perception of a statement rather than describing the truth value of the statement. Is this accurate?

ii) You echo my point.  In no case is knowledge directly implied by belief; belief, however, may be caused by sure knowledge.  Knowledge is our best-fit theory to fit the facts; belief does not require factual evidence.  I believe that Nessie is a holdover of the Reptilian aliens, who are responsible for crop circles and Cadbury's refusal to give up the Caramilk secret.  Do you not agree that I may hold these beliefs, without evidence, with (filtered through Confirmation Bias) evidence, or even despite evidence?

Religious belief is the same, essentially.  Mind you, my example was obviously hyperbole - but I'm sure you can find analogous arguments without me having to offend anybody's faith.

iii) Almost.  I'm saying that the very concept of 'absolute Truth' is beyond our ability to comprehend, due to conditional status of our ability to discern it.  We can agree that a rose is pretty; can we place an absolute Truth value on the statement "Roses are intrinsically beautiful?"  If we are to remain honest with ourselves, we must keep in mind that we, as finite creatures, cannot take a position outside of Truth, in order to ascertain/disprove its existence.  We can only infer our localized truths, from our explorations of reality, and agreement across a population as to the results. 

In the end, what I'm saying is that our perception of local truth places a hard limit on our ability to recognize and/or comprehend an Absolute Truth(ness?).
Title: Re: debate
Post by: pervepic on August 18, 2012, 06:06:33 pm
I am able to bring quotes too from the same source you used. Did you quoted a sentence about logical tautology on purpose, even after I was saying that I was speaking about rhetorical tautology? Here it is:

"Tautology (rhetoric), using different words to say the same thing, or a series of self-reinforcing statements that cannot be disproved because they depend on the assumption that they are already correct". "Believing absolutely is foolish" or "irrationality is foolish" is pretty much that, although may not be a tautology in its purest form.

About the paradox:

"A paradox is a statement or group of statements that leads to a contradiction or a situation which (if true) defies logic or reason, similar to circular reasoning." Paradox is a contradiction, which can be true: "Veridical paradoxes, such as the birthday paradox, which are seeming absurdities that are nevertheless true because they are perfectly logical."

You can argue with Quine if you want, but some paradoxes (they are contradictions too) can be true. Often they are true and false at the same time. So if I saying using the universal form of the sentence that "believing absolutely in something is foolish" then if this sentence is true then I can't believe that sentence absolutely (universally?) and therefore believing absolutely in something may not be foolish. If it is true then it is false. What we have here is a paradoxical and rhetorically tautological derivation from a truism.



Title: Re: debate
Post by: OldTrees on August 18, 2012, 06:40:57 pm
I am able to bring quotes too from the same source you used. Did you quoted a sentence about logical tautology on purpose, even after I was saying that I was speaking about rhetorical tautology? Here it is:

"Tautology (rhetoric), using different words to say the same thing, or a series of self-reinforcing statements that cannot be disproved because they depend on the assumption that they are already correct". "Believing absolutely is foolish" or "irrationality is foolish" is pretty much that, although may not be a tautology in its purest form.

About the paradox:

"A paradox is a statement or group of statements that leads to a contradiction or a situation which (if true) defies logic or reason, similar to circular reasoning." Paradox is a contradiction, which can be true: "Veridical paradoxes, such as the birthday paradox, which are seeming absurdities that are nevertheless true because they are perfectly logical."

You can argue with Quine if you want, but some paradoxes (they are contradictions too) can be true. Often they are true and false at the same time. So if I saying using the universal form of the sentence that "believing absolutely in something is foolish" then if this sentence is true then I can't believe that sentence absolutely (universally?) and therefore believing absolutely in something may not be foolish. If it is true then it is false. What we have here is a paradoxical and rhetorically tautological derivation from a truism.
Sorry. I do not see a significant difference between the tautologies. All of them have the same form from my understanding. I used the logic one because logic is purer than rhetoric.

Tautology is in the form where the conclusion is the premise. The premises of the statement "Believing absolutely is foolish" are "Believing absolutely is ignoring the possibility of error", "Ignoring the possibility of error is irrational" and "Being irrational is foolish". This is of the form:
A -> B
B -> C
C -> D
Therefore A -> D
This is linear not cyclical. It needs to be cyclical to be a tautology.

There are 4 states of belief relevent to the statement: absolute belief, belief, disbelief, absolute disbelief
If I absolutely believe the statement then I would be a fool.
If I believe the statement then I would not be a fool for my belief is not absolute.
If I disbelieve the statement then I would not be a fool for my disbelief is not absolute.
If I absolutely disbelieve the statement then the statement would claim I would be a fool.
Only the first is self contradicting.
If the statement is true then the 1st and 4th are irrational, the 3rd is mistaken and the 2nd is both rational and correct.
If the statement is false then the 1st and 2nd are mistaken and the 3rd and 4th are correct.
It is not similar to the Veridical paradoxes.
Title: Re: debate
Post by: pervepic on August 19, 2012, 11:16:21 am
I didn't say that it is a Veridical paradox, but I said that a contradiction can be true (what you just denied previously). Since our main sentence is expressed in the universal form and doesn't express any doubt about itself whatsoever (using words "sometimes", "often" etc); it doesn't say that it can be wrong itself, therefore it can't be a "just belief" or "mere belief" or even "belief" about itself, but something very similar to that what it seems to deny. But the vague term "absolute belief" leaves some room for different interpretations, of course. Since this sentence is so opaque, as I have said like a mockingbird several times, there is just no point to use most strict mathematical logic here. But the most narrow definitions of contradiction and tautology can be used to try to object me. Some people just can't admit that they were wrong.

If we use a normal human language and not just letters and empty formulas or try to define a tautology through mathematical cycle (which is just ridiculous in case of the rhetorical tautology I spoke), then a tautology is a way to use different words say the same thing, which were already assumed. But since new words are used, some new (no matter how tiny) aspects of meanings are already present with them. This means that sentence can be more or less tautological. Things are not always black and white ("pure") like you assume.

As I said, it is hard to see why "belief" is relevant to the statement itself, because it is not expressed, it doesn't say that it can be wrong itself, but the concrete universal form of the statement is present and expressed and that makes the whole sentence look like a classical self-contradiction. And tautological elements are still there. I quess that mockingbird stops to repeat himself about this topic, but will open his mouth again if he sees counter-arguments that are not artificial.
Title: Re: debate
Post by: OldTrees on August 19, 2012, 05:24:59 pm
I didn't say that it is a Veridical paradox, but I said that a contradiction can be true (what you just denied previously). Since our main sentence is expressed in the universal form and doesn't express any doubt about itself whatsoever (using words "sometimes", "often" etc); it doesn't say that it can be wrong itself, therefore it can't be a "just belief" or "mere belief" or even "belief" about itself, but something very similar to that what it seems to deny. But the vague term "absolute belief" leaves some room for different interpretations, of course. Since this sentence is so opaque, as I have said like a mockingbird several times, there is just no point to use most strict mathematical logic here. But the most narrow definitions of contradiction and tautology can be used to try to object me. Some people just can't admit that they were wrong.

If we use a normal human language and not just letters and empty formulas or try to define a tautology through mathematical cycle (which is just ridiculous in case of the rhetorical tautology I spoke), then a tautology is a way to use different words say the same thing, which were already assumed. But since new words are used, some new (no matter how tiny) aspects of meanings are already present with them. This means that sentence can be more or less tautological. Things are not always black and white ("pure") like you assume.

As I said, it is hard to see why "belief" is relevant to the statement itself, because it is not expressed, it doesn't say that it can be wrong itself, but the concrete universal form of the statement is present and expressed and that makes the whole sentence look like a classical self-contradiction. And tautological elements are still there. I quess that mockingbird stops to repeat himself about this topic, but will open his mouth again if he sees counter-arguments that are not artificial.
This is why we use context (the conversation the quote comes from) and assume the speaker can read what they wrote. It was evident to everyone in the conversation that the statement was not believed absolutely. Words are symbols for meaning. Sometimes the meaning is contextual.

I am sorry but I do not see how 2 descriptive premises, 1 normative premise and 1 normative conclusion count as being tautological. Descriptive statements and Normative statements say drastically different things.
Finally is your definition of rhetorical tautology equivalent to taking a statement of the form of P->Q and then changing to R->S where R and S are synonyms of P and Q? If the synonyms have to be exact then the statement is not a rhetorical tautology. If the synonyms can contain new information then all valid arguments could be classified as rhetorical tautologies. This would render rhetorical tautologies and insignificant classification.
Is there a rhetorical tautology in: "All cats are mammals." "All mammals are warm blooded." "All cats are warm blooded."
Title: Re: debate
Post by: pervepic on August 19, 2012, 09:01:40 pm
Damn, once more I couldn't resist. I hope that this is the last time.

Where are those evident contextual meanings, again? Although everybody may assume that but it wasn't there, at least in the first post and the written sentence. The last one is that we should analyze, not to derive meanings from the other sources and create assumtions that weren't written down.

"I am sorry but I do not see how 2 descriptive premises, 1 normative premise and 1 normative conclusion count as being tautological. Descriptive statements and Normative statements say drastically different things"

You may even create more normative and descripive premises that could mean different things. Why only 3? There should be some semi-steps etc. I haven't said that I agree with those and therefore haven't said anything about their tautological potential. Don't put wrong words in my mouth, again. What I said is that "believing absolutely" is basically a nonsense and contradiction (yes, again, and I'm not gonna repeat that) which is used by others to describe us as fools - this is pretty much its only meaning.

"Finally is your definition of rhetorical tautology equivalent to taking a statement of the form of P->Q and then changing to R->S where R and S are synonyms of P and Q?"

I'm not here to create exhaustive definitions and don't have my own. I just used a given one.

"If the synonyms have to be exact then the statement is not a rhetorical tautology."

Mh?

"If the synonyms can contain new information then all valid arguments could be classified as rhetorical tautologies."

Why? All valid arguments are using synonyms?

 This would render rhetorical tautologies and insignificant classification. Is there a rhetorical tautology in: "All cats are mammals." "All mammals are warm blooded." "All cats are warm blooded."

Do you understand that every word, even synonyms, have slightly different meanings  because they are used differently and in the different context. That doesn't mean that every argument is tautological or something. The circle of understanding (hermeneutical circle) is a different thing. Something like formal logic has made some serious damage here.





Title: Re: debate
Post by: OldTrees on August 19, 2012, 11:42:07 pm
Damn, once more I couldn't resist. I hope that this is the last time.

Where are those evident contextual meanings, again? Although everybody may assume that but it wasn't there, at least in the first post and the written sentence. The last one is that we should analyze, not to derive meanings from the other sources and create assumtions that weren't written down.
Opening post
since there arent any sections dedicated to the ever-enjoyable sport of debate, i felt one should be posted. i felt philosophy is a nice home for it too. so without further ado, lets start things off.

i feel that absolutely believing something is true is foolish.
any retorts or personal elaborations?
Note the use of the word "feel" opposed to "know" or "claim".
Note the request for retorts. Something that is only done by those that are not ignoring the possibility of error.
Note that the discussion continues to talk about doubt and skepticism. It should be assumed that someone that is skeptical would be skeptical about skepticism.

What I said is that "believing absolutely" is basically a nonsense and contradiction (yes, again, and I'm not gonna repeat that) which is used by others to describe us as fools - this is pretty much its only meaning.
Believing absolutely (aka not considering the possibility of error) is neither nonsense nor a contradiction. It describes ignoring the possibility of error. This is possible to do. Since it is possible to do, a term describing it is no nonsense. Even if you don't ignore the possibility for error there exist those that do. In fact there are those that take pride in ignoring doubt even when faced with evidence. It can be misused to label those that do not ignore the possibility of error as fools. However all terms can be misapplied so the possibility of misapplication is not a legitimate critique. You claim that it is only used as Ad Hominem. This is not so. I have been using the term yet have not yet labeled anyone with it. Obviously it has a use beyond calling people fools.
Title: Re: debate
Post by: pervepic on August 20, 2012, 11:09:36 am


"Note the use of the word "feel" opposed to "know" or "claim"."

Where? You just assume that? Units feeling doesn't matter anyway, what came next should be analyzed. Unit doesn't point that his feelings about the next statement should be the object of discussion.

"Note the request for retorts. Something that is only done by those that are not ignoring the possibility of error."

It can be a just a polite gesture or whatever.  It can be also a task thrown on us - like "do you see a paradox here?" Shouldn't concentrate on people and their possible state of mind but only look at the statement that was presented us as a task.

"Note that the discussion continues to talk about doubt and skepticism. It should be assumed that someone that is skeptical would be skeptical about skepticism."

Doesn't matter how it continues. The problematic statement was already thrown up.  Skeptics are usually skeptical about skepticism? What makes them skeptics then? How they differ from non-skeptics that are skeptical about skepticism?

"Believing absolutely (aka not considering the possibility of error) is neither nonsense nor a contradiction. It describes ignoring the possibility of error. This is possible to do. Since it is possible to do, a term describing it is no nonsense. Even if you don't ignore the possibility for error there exist those that do. In fact there are those that take pride in ignoring doubt even when faced with evidence. It can be misused to label those that do not ignore the possibility of error as fools. However all terms can be misapplied so the possibility of misapplication is not a legitimate critique. You claim that it is only used as Ad Hominem. This is not so. I have been using the term yet have not yet labeled anyone with it. Obviously it has a use beyond calling people fools."

Something that I wanted to add and why I started this post: Yes, it is possible to ignore the possibility of error, but only then if you are aware of that possibility of error. Then you can forget about it for a while. If you don't know that there is a possibility of error, then you can't ignore it. Now, usually I can believe in something (know the possibility of error) and know something (don't know the possibility of error, I hold that my belief is quite necessarily true). "Absolute belief" is something I don't meet in relation to myself, because it is impossible to know (as believer) and not to know (as a knower, since my belief is absolute) the possibility of error at the same time. From where its meaning and usage comes from? It can come from only from the others who have the perspective to myself and my beliefs which I don't have. Only they can see that I am stupid or make errors and believe in something absolutely that is not true. I can perceive myself only as thinking and knowing, but for them my thinking may be stupidity and knowing is "absolute believing". Of course I can try to see myself as others do, like "stupid" for example, but this remains an empty word for me, because I don't have that necessary distance from myself as others do. Of course I can see others "stupid" in the same way as they see me. But I can't see much non-contradictory usage of the "absolute belief" which doesn't refer to my (or their) foolishness or errenousness, because it is something that reduces my (or their) knowing to believing. This fool-making process gives life to this phenomenon, because it is hard to see how it can exist in itself, without it.


Title: Re: debate
Post by: OldTrees on August 20, 2012, 04:39:50 pm
"Note the use of the word "feel" opposed to "know" or "claim"."

Where? You just assume that? Units feeling doesn't matter anyway, what came next should be analyzed. Unit doesn't point that his feelings about the next statement should be the object of discussion.

"Note the request for retorts. Something that is only done by those that are not ignoring the possibility of error."

It can be a just a polite gesture or whatever.  It can be also a task thrown on us - like "do you see a paradox here?" Shouldn't concentrate on people and their possible state of mind but only look at the statement that was presented us as a task.
Where? In the OP. In the statement.
Do the feelings matter? Yes, they are context about whether the belief is believed absolutely (a contradiction) or believed (consistent).
You are the one that are questioning the contextual verbal shorthand used. You are the one that made delving into the context necessary for the discussion.
If you desire to take the statement out of context and thus lose important information then I can't stop you. However I will warn you one last time that some of the context is required to clarify the consistency of the statement.

"Note that the discussion continues to talk about doubt and skepticism. It should be assumed that someone that is skeptical would be skeptical about skepticism."

Doesn't matter how it continues. The problematic statement was already thrown up.  Skeptics are usually skeptical about skepticism? What makes them skeptics then? How they differ from non-skeptics that are skeptical about skepticism?
If one does not apply the principles of skepticism to a subset of ideas, then one is being arbitrary in their usage. A skeptic is not arbitrary in their usage. A skeptic would not not apply the principles of skepticism to skepticism.

"Believing absolutely (aka not considering the possibility of error) is neither nonsense nor a contradiction. It describes ignoring the possibility of error. This is possible to do. Since it is possible to do, a term describing it is no nonsense. Even if you don't ignore the possibility for error there exist those that do. In fact there are those that take pride in ignoring doubt even when faced with evidence. It can be misused to label those that do not ignore the possibility of error as fools. However all terms can be misapplied so the possibility of misapplication is not a legitimate critique. You claim that it is only used as Ad Hominem. This is not so. I have been using the term yet have not yet labeled anyone with it. Obviously it has a use beyond calling people fools."

Something that I wanted to add and why I started this post: Yes, it is possible to ignore the possibility of error, but only then if you are aware of that possibility of error. Then you can forget about it for a while. If you don't know that there is a possibility of error, then you can't ignore it. Now, usually I can believe in something (know the possibility of error) and know something (don't know the possibility of error, I hold that my belief is quite necessarily true). "Absolute belief" is something I don't meet in relation to myself, because it is impossible to know (as believer) and not to know (as a knower, since my belief is absolute) the possibility of error at the same time. From where its meaning and usage comes from? It can come from only from the others who have the perspective to myself and my beliefs which I don't have. Only they can see that I am stupid or make errors and believe in something absolutely that is not true. I can perceive myself only as thinking and knowing, but for them my thinking may be stupidity and knowing is "absolute believing". Of course I can try to see myself as others do, like "stupid" for example, but this remains an empty word for me, because I don't have that necessary distance from myself as others do. Of course I can see others "stupid" in the same way as they see me. But I can't see much non-contradictory usage of the "absolute belief" which doesn't refer to my (or their) foolishness or errenousness, because it is something that reduces my (or their) knowing to believing. This fool-making process gives life to this phenomenon, because it is hard to see how it can exist in itself, without it.
I have been using ignore to symbolize a concept that would not require knowing the possibility of error. If you have a better word to describe this concept I am trying to communicate, please let me know and mentally substitute it.

If you hold a belief to be necessarily true when it is not then it is not knowledge. Learning of the possibility of error would not change knowledge to belief. Rather it would change your perspective of your belief from thinking it was knowledge to noticing it was not knowledge.

Additionally one can believe an idea, know of the possibility of error and still ignore that possibility. Take a debater that is not willing to consider the opposing position. They have a belief (their position). They know of the possibility of error (there is a 2nd position). They still ignore the possibility (they do not consider the opposing position). A person in this position would be able to use the statement as a reminder to not ignore the other position. Note that this usage is neither Ad Hominem nor contradictory.
Title: Re: debate
Post by: pervepic on August 21, 2012, 08:41:53 am
Paradox remains a paradox, no matter anybody feels about it. It has its clear form. Learn to see the difference between relevant and irrelevant context.

Then, learn to see what paradox is. If you are saying that skeptics are skeptical about skepticism, then you just throw out the most classical self-contradiction.

Then, learn to see that there are almost no necessary truths (and knowledge) in this world except analytical. Scientific truths and knowledge has changed a lot through the history. If we define "knowledge" too strictly then it's gonna be empty of meaning. Mostly even scientific truths (and knowledge) are not even strictly necessary truths, because nothing guarantees their necessity - it is possible that things are different tomorrow.  Anomalies are never excluded. Causality is a matter of interpretation. Read more and write less, that would change too limited understanding.

Try to get rid of misreadings. I didn't say that believing and some ignoring of possibilities of error are contradictory, but I said that believing absolutely is contradictory.

End of discussion from my side, because there is nothing to discuss. Good luck!



I
Title: Re: debate
Post by: OldTrees on August 21, 2012, 09:26:11 am
I do not expect you to respond. However I will defend my claims and myself.

"Skepticism or scepticism (see spelling differences) is generally any questioning attitude towards knowledge, facts, or opinions/beliefs stated as facts,[1] or doubt regarding claims that are taken for granted elsewhere."

If someone questioned all ideas except the idea of questioning all ideas then they would not be self consistent. Aka the blind skeptic
If someone questioned all ideas they would be self consistent. Aka the rational skeptic

I made honest effort to try to understand your points. When I first voiced my confusion you responded with "Dream on." as if my being confused was ridiculous and absurd. Perhaps you were not as clear as you think. I will try harder "to get rid of misreadings". You should try harder "to dispel confusion and communicate to your audience".
Title: Re: debate
Post by: memimemi on August 21, 2012, 01:47:47 pm
Synthesis:

You've both forgotten that there is a more reasonable reading of 'skepticism.'  The Scientific Method is a good example - all truths are conditional; evidence must be present, and independently verified; all data accepted as facts must be falsifiable (a la Popper); and all truths accepted must pass a strict application of Occam's Razor.

This, I think, is not only a median position in what is quickly devolving into an argument, but also a generally acceptable definition of the Skeptic's position. 

In the case of logic and incompleteness (whence started all this jazz), a rational skeptic's position (if I may consider myself such) is that all proofs within any given logic system must pass the standard tests of truth (consistency, etc); any Knowledge based solely on logic is necessarily incomplete - hence the need for physical evidence when applying facts to truths about reality.

Note that any self-referential system (including our own minds!) requires the application of an outside system to answer questions/prove many (an infinite number of, in fact) points about itself.

Belief, on the other hand, is also not enough for knowledge, unless OldTrees is not yet satisfied on that point.

So, what do we have left for a solid and sure epistemology, before we bicker about its applications?
Title: Re: debate
Post by: OldTrees on August 21, 2012, 04:47:03 pm
Unless I am mistaken, the discussion between pervepic and me was about whether a contradiction existed. (Not about incompleteness)


I would add that consistently applying the epistemology of the Scientific Method (all truths are conditional on verified evidence) would necessitate verifying evidence of the value of the Scientific Method. This has been done by some skeptics.
Title: Re: debate
Post by: memimemi on August 21, 2012, 06:34:08 pm

I would add that consistently applying the epistemology of the Scientific Method (all truths are conditional on verified evidence) would necessitate verifying evidence of the value of the Scientific Method. This has been done by some skeptics.

There is plenty of existential evidence for the effectiveness of the Scientific Method.  Protip: you're typing on one piece now.  By every objective measure of which I know, life has been on the whole vastly improved by the application of science and scientific thinking.

I maintain that acceptance of all truths as conditional is far more defensible a position than any of Truth as an absolute.  Belief (as belief; not hypothesis) has little do with knowledge itself, and more to do with our convictions in our opinions concerning knowledge.

Title: Re: debate
Post by: OldTrees on August 21, 2012, 08:49:15 pm

I would add that consistently applying the epistemology of the Scientific Method (all truths are conditional on verified evidence) would necessitate verifying evidence of the value of the Scientific Method. This has been done by some skeptics.

There is plenty of existential evidence for the effectiveness of the Scientific Method.  Protip: you're typing on one piece now.  By every objective measure of which I know, life has been on the whole vastly improved by the application of science and scientific thinking.

I maintain that acceptance of all truths as conditional is far more defensible a position than any of Truth as an absolute.  Belief (as belief; not hypothesis) has little do with knowledge itself, and more to do with our convictions in our opinions concerning knowledge.
Yes. Evidence does exist for the Scientific Method. That is why it is self consistent. Do you see what I was getting at though? When you choose a rule to judge things by, you should also judge the rule by that rule.
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